British Raj - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Imperialpolitical structurecomprising(a) British India (a quasi- federation ofpresidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown throughthe Viceroy and Governor- General of India); (b) Princely States, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of the British Crown exercised through the. Viceroy and Governor- General of India. BCEIndus Valley Civilization, c. BCEPost Indus Valley Period, c. BCEVedic Civilization, c. BCE. Mahajanapadas, c. BCENanda Dynasty, c. BCEMaurya Dynasty, c. BCEShunga Dynasty, c.
BCEKanva Dynasty, c. BCEKushan Dynasty, c. CESatavahana Dynasty, c. CEThe British Raj (; from r. The resulting political union was also called the Indian Empire and after 1. As a state, the British Empire in India functioned as if it saw itself as the guardian of a system of connected markets maintained by means of military power, business legislation and monetary management. At the inception of the Raj in 1. Lower Burma was already a part of British India; Upper Burma was added in 1. The British Raj (/ r . The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or Direct rule in. Code of Georgia - Free Public Access: This website is maintained by LexisNexis. It is not intended to replace professional. Burma, was administered as an autonomous province until 1. British colony, gaining its own independence in 1. Contents. 1Geographical extent. British India and the Princely States. Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1. The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf and the states under the Persian Gulf Residency were theoretically princely states as well as Presidencies and provinces of British India until 1. Archers will get the first opportunity at bringing home a deer beginning Saturday, Sept. 10, according to the Georgia Department of Natural Resources’ Wildlife Resources Division.Ceylon was part of Madras Presidency between 1. The monarch was known as Empress or Emperor of India and the term was often used in Queen Victoria's Queen's Speeches and Prorogation Speeches. The passports issued by the British Indian government had the words . In 1. 91. 1, East Bengal was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The princely states did not form a part of British India (i. The larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had; in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control. Although there were nearly 6. British. Some two hundred of the states had an area of less than 2. The Act envisaged a system of . However, the Secretary of State also had special emergency powers that allowed him to make unilateral decisions, and, in reality, the Council's expertise was sometimes outdated. The size of the advisory Council was reduced over the next half- century, but its powers remained unchanged. In 1. 90. 7, for the first time, two Indians were appointed to the Council. Gupta and Syed Hussain Bilgrami. In Calcutta, the Governor- General remained head of the Government of India and now was more commonly called the Viceroy on account of his secondary role as the Crown's representative to the nominally sovereign princely states; he was, however, now responsible to the Secretary of State in London and through him to Parliament. The Governor- General in the capital, Calcutta, and the Governor in a subordinate presidency (Madras or Bombay) was each required to consult his advisory council; executive orders in Calcutta, for example, were issued in the name of . The Company's system of . This innovation in Indian governance was promulgated in the Indian Councils Act 1. If the Government of India needed to enact new laws, the Councils Act allowed for a Legislative Council. The Secretary of State for India represented the Government of India in the UK. He was assisted by a body of advisers numbering from 8- 1. India for a minimum of 1. Secretary of State. From 1 April 1. 93. Governor- General in Council, which the Viceroy and Governor- General concurrently held in the capacity of representing the Crown in relations with the Indian princely states, was replaced by the designation of . The portfolios in 1. External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations. Home and Information and Broadcasting. Food and Agriculture. Transport and Railways. Labour. Industries and Supplies,Works, Mines and Power. Education. Defence. Finance. Commerce. Communications. Health. Law. Until 1. 94. Viceroy held the portfolio for External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations, as well as heading the Political Department in his capacity as the Crown Representative. Each department was headed by a Secretary excepting the Railway Department, which was headed by a Chief Commissioner of Railways under a Secretary. The Viceroy was the head of the Council of State, while the Legislative Assembly, which was first opened in 1. President (appointed by the Viceroy from 1. The Council of State consisted of 5. Legislative Assembly comprised 1. The Council of State existed in five- year periods and the Legislative Assembly for three- year periods, though either could be dissolved earlier or later by the Viceroy. The Indian Legislature was empowered to make laws for all persons resident in British India including all British subjects resident in India, and for all British Indian subjects residing outside India. With the assent of the King- Emperor and after copies of a proposed enactment had been submitted to both houses of the British Parliament, the Viceroy could overrule the legislature and directly enact any measures in the perceived interests of British India or its residents if the need arose. Burma and Aden became separate Crown Colonies under the Act from 1 April 1. Indian Empire. From 1. British India was divided into 1. Presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Bengal, and the 1. United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar, the Central Provinces and Berar, Assam, the North- West Frontier Province (NWFP), Orissa, Sind, British Baluchistan, Delhi, Ajmer- Merwara, Coorg, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Panth Piploda. The Presidencies and the first eight provinces were each under a Governor, while the latter six provinces were each under a Chief Commissioner. The Viceroy directly governed the Chief Commissioner provinces through each respective Chief Commissioner, while the Presidencies and the provinces under Governors were allowed greater autonomy under the Government of India Act. The Governor of each presidency or province represented the Crown in his capacity, and was assisted by a ministers appointed from the members of each provincial legislature. Each provincial legislature had a life of five years, barring any special circumstances such as wartime conditions. All bills passed by the provincial legislature were either signed or rejected by the Governor, who could also issue proclamations or promulgate ordinances while the legislature was in recess, as the need arose. After the rebellion, the British became more circumspect. Much thought was devoted to the causes of the rebellion, and from it three main lessons were drawn. At a more practical level, it was felt that there needed to be more communication and camaraderie between the British and Indians. New regiments, like the Sikhs and Baluchis, composed of Indians who, in British estimation, had demonstrated steadfastness, were formed. From then on, the Indian army was to remain unchanged in its organisation until 1. Of these only about 4. European officers and men of the Army. Consequently, no more land reforms were implemented for the next 9. Bengal and Bihar were to remain the realms of large land holdings (unlike the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh). Until the rebellion, they had enthusiastically pushed through social reform, like the ban on suttee by Lord William Bentinck. The population of the Raj reached 2. India. Other factors included rising incomes and better living conditions, improved better nutrition, a safer and cleaner environment, and better official health policies and medical care. In the busiest centres houses are built close together, eave touching eave, and frequently back to back .. Indeed space is so valuable that, in place of streets and roads, winding lanes provide the only approach to the houses. Neglect of sanitation is often evidenced by heaps of rotting garbage and pools of sewage, whilst the absence of latrines enhance the general pollution of air and soil. Legal modernisation. New legislation merged the Crown and the old East India Company courts and introduced a new penal code as well as new codes of civil and criminal procedure, based largely on English law. The goal was to create a stable, usable public record and verifiable identities. However, there was opposition from both Muslim and Hindu elements who complained that the new procedures for census- taking and registration threatened to uncover female privacy. Purdah rules prohibited women from saying their husband's name or having their photograph taken. An all- India census was conducted between 1. Select groups which the Raj reformers wanted to monitor statistically included those reputed to practice female infanticide, prostitutes, lepers, and eunuchs. They remained tied to the strictures of their religion, caste, and customs, but now with an overlay of British Victorian attitudes. Their inheritance rights to own and manage property were curtailed; the new English laws were somewhat harsher. Court rulings restricted the rights of second wives and their children regarding inheritance. A woman had to belong to either a father or a husband to have any rights. Macaulay simultaneously was a leading reformer involved in transforming the educational system of India. He would base it on the English language so that India could join the mother country in a steady upward progress. Macaulay took Burke's emphasis on moral rule and implemented it in actual school reforms, giving the British Empire a profound moral mission to civilise the natives. Yale professor Karuna Mantena has argued that the civilising mission did not last long, for she says that benevolent reformers were the losers in key debates, such as those following the 1. India, and the scandal of Governor Edward Eyre's brutal repression of the Morant Bay rebellion in Jamaica in 1.
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